Around 1868, Joseph M Kaufmann, an engineer from Glasgow, made a work for a swinging-wing flying device operated by a 40 HP steam engine. (see Grace’s Guide).

"Two aspects of the hanging steam engine"

-The engine and the whole mechanism went in the center of the device with swinging wings of considerable size. A pendulum hanging under the gadget gave it stability. (from the Grace’s Guide). It is supposed that it did not fly.

-The device emerged at the time when steam was the main affordable power. It was done in the middle of the inventions by Stringfellow (1848), by Henson (1842), and by Ader (1890-1892) with reference that the last mentioned did rise from the ground.

-It was also contemporary with Maxim's appliances with steam, with Landley, and the Wright brothers, who already used internal combustion engines.